Machado A W . 10 commandments of smile esthetics. Dental Press J Orthod 2014; 19: 136–157.
Chetan P, Tandon P, Singh G K, Nagar A, Prasad V, Chugh V K . Dynamics of a smile in different age groups. Angle Orthod 2013; 83: 90–96.
Davis N C . Smile design. Dent Clin N Am 2007; 51: 299–318.
Kokich V O, Kyak H A, Shapiro P A . Comparing the perception of dentists and lay people to altered dental esthetics. J Esthet Dent 1999; 11: 311–324.
Springer N C, Chang C, Fields H W et al. Smile esthetics from the layperson’s perspective. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 139: e91–e101.
Vallittu P K, Vallittu A S J, Lassila V P . Dental aesthetics – a survey of attitudes in different groups of patients. J Dent 1996; 24: 335–338.
Klages U, Zentner A . Dentofacial aesthetics and quality of life. Semin Orthod 2007; 13: 104–115.
Naini F B, Moss J P, Gill D S . The enigma of facial beauty: esthetics, proportions, deformity, and controversy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 130: 277–282.
Imadojemu S, Sarwer D B, Percec I et al. Influence of surgical and minimally invasive facial cosmetic procedures on psychosocial outcomes – a systematic review. JAMA Dermatol 2013; 149: 1325–1333.
Tjan A H L, Miller G D, The J G P . Some esthetic factors in a smile. J Prosthet Dent 1984; 51: 24–28.
Eisenthal Y, Dror G, Ruppin E . Facial attractiveness: beauty and the machine. Neural Comput 2006; 18: 119–142.
Pinho S, Circiaco C, Faber J, Lenza M A . Impact of dental asymmetries on the perception of smile esthetics. Am J Dentofacial Orthop 2007; 132: 748–753.
Zawawi K H, Malki G A, Al-Zahrani M S, Alkhiary Y M . Effect of lip position and gingival display on smile and esthetics as perceived by college students with different educational backgrounds. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2013; 5: 77–80.
Ward DH . A study of dentists’ preferred maxillary anterior tooth width proportions: comparing the recurring esthetic dental proportion to other mathematical and naturally occurring proportions. J Esthet Rest Dent 2007; 19: 324–339.
Wilson N H F . Essentials of esthetic dentistry – principles and practice of esthetic dentistry. Volume 1. China. Pp 1–105 Elselvier. 2015.
Chang C A, Fields H W Jr, Beck F M et al. Smile esthetics from patients’ perspectives for faces of varying attractiveness. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140: e171–e180.
Cooper G E, Tredwin C G, Cooper N T, Petrie A, Gill D S . The influence of maxillary central incisor heighttowidth ratio on perceived smile aesthetics. Br Dent J 2012; 212: 589–599.
Correa B D, Bittencourt M A V, Machado A W . Influence of maxillary canine gingival margin asymmetries on the perception of smile esthetics among orthodontists and laypersons. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014; 145: 55–63.
Farzanegan F, Jahanbin A, Darvishpour H, Salari S . Which has a greater influence on smile esthetics perception: teeth or lips? Iran J Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 27: 239–244.
Frese C, Staehle H J, Wolff D . The assessment of dentofacial esthetics in restorative dentistry – a review of the literature. J Am Dent Assoc 2012; 143: 461–466.
Kaya B, Uyar R . Influence on smile attractiveness of the smile arc in conjunction with gingival display. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013; 144: 541–547.
Lin A I, Braun T, McNamara JA Jr, Gerstner G E . Esthetic evaluation of dynamic smiles with attention to facial muscle activity. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Ortho 2013; 143: 819–827.
Machado A W, Moon W, Gandini L G Jr . Influence of maxillary incisor edge asymmetries on the perception of smile esthetics among orthodontists and laypersons. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013; 143: 658–664.
Beall A E . Can a new smile make you look more intelligent and successful? Dent Clin North Am 2007; 51: 289–297.
Vallittu P K, Vallittu A S J, Lassila V P . Dental aesthetics – a survey of attitudes in different groups of patients. J Dent 1996; 24: 335–338.
Pithon M M, Santos A M, Vianna de Andrade A C D, Santos E M, Couto F S, Coquerio R . Perception of the esthetic impact of gingival smile on laypersons, dental professionals, and dental students. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 115: 448–454.
An S M, Choi S Y, Chung Y W, Jang T H, Kang K H . Comparing esthetic smile perceptions among laypersons with and without orthodontic treatment experience and dentists. Korean J Orthod 2014; 44: 294–303.
Suzuki L, Machado A W, Bittencourt M A V . An evaluation of the influence of gingival display level in the smile esthetics. Dent Press J Orthod 2011; 16: e1–e10.
Bothung C, Fischer K, Schiffer H, Springer I, Wolfart S . Upper canine inclination influences the aesthetics of a smile. J Oral Rehabil 2015; 42: 144–152.
Laerd Statistics. Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance, W, using SPSS Statistics. Statistical tutorials and software guides. 2016. Information available at https://statistics.laerd.com/.
Harris M . Medical statistics made easy. pp 24–77. New York: CRC Press, 2003.
Hayslett H T, Murphy P . Statistics. pp 180–185. London: Elsevier Science, 2014.
Petrie A, Sabin C . Medical Statistics at a Glance. Pp 54–65. Somerset: Wiley, 2013.
Ahmad I . Anterior dental aesthetics: facial perspective. Br Dent J 2005; 199: 15–21.
Ahmad I . Anterior dental aesthetics: dentofacial perspective. Br Dent J 2005; 199: 81–88.
Ahmad I . Anterior dental aesthetics: dental perspective. Br Dent J 2005; 199: 135–141.
Ahmad I . Anterior dental aesthetics: gingival perspective. Br Dent J 2005; 199: 195–202.
Loi H, Kang S, Shimomura T, Kim S, Park S, Son W, Takahashi I . Effects of buccal corridors on smile esthetics in Japanese and Korean orthodontists and orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012; 142: 459–465.
Moore T, Southard K A, Casko J S, Qian F, Southard T E . Buccal corridors and smile esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 127: 208–213.
Chu S J, Tan J H, Stappert C F J, Tarnow D P . Gingival zenith positions and levels of the maxillary anterior dentition. J Esthet Rest Dent 2009; 21: 113–121.
Hasanreisoglu U, Berksun S, Aras K, Arslan I . An analysis of maxillary anterior teeth: facial and dental proportions. J Prosthet Dent 2005; 94: 530–538.
Chiche G, Pinault A . Esthetics of anterior fixed prosthodontics. Chicago USA: Quintessence Books, 1994.
Chu S J . Range and mean distribution frequency of individual tooth width of the maxillary anterior dentition. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 2007; 19: 209–215.
Liang L Z, Hu W J, Zhang Y L, Chung KH . Analysis of dynamic smile and upper lip curvature in young Chinese. Int J Oral Sci 2013; 5: 49–53.
