Grisolia BM, Dos Santos AP, Dhyppolito IM, Buchanan H, Hill K, Oliveira BH. Prevalence of dental anxiety in children and adolescents globally: a systematic review with meta‐analyses. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2021;31:168–83.
Wu L, Gao X. Children’s dental fear and anxiety: exploring family related factors. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18:1–0.
Chakradhar K, Doshi D, Kulkarni S, Reddy BS, Reddy MP, Srilatha A. Correlation of dental anxiety with oral health status and treatment needs among 12-year old indian school going children. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2020;91:e2020095.
McLenon J, Rogers MA. The fear of needles: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2019;75:30–42.
Dou L, Vanschaayk MM, Zhang Y, Fu X, Ji P, Yang D. The prevalence of dental anxiety and its association with pain and other variables among adult patients with irreversible pulpitis. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18:1–6.
Al-Halabi MN, Bshara N, AlNerabieah Z. Effectiveness of audio visual distraction using virtual reality eyeglasses versus tablet device in child behavioral management during inferior alveolar nerve block. Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care. 2018;22:55–61.
Felemban OM, Alshamrani RM, Aljeddawi DH, Bagher SM. Effect of virtual reality distraction on pain and anxiety during infiltration anesthesia in pediatric patients: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21:321.
Alsibai E, Karkoutly M, Abu Samra EG, Almonakel MH, Bshara N. The use of pediatric behavior management techniques among Syrian dentists: a cross-sectional study. J Global Oral Health, https://doi.org/10.25259/JGOH_11_2023.
Cunningham A, McPolin O, Fallis R, Coyle C, Best P, McKenna G. A systematic review of the use of virtual reality or dental smartphone applications as interventions for management of paediatric dental anxiety. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21:244.
Dhar V, Gosnell E, Jayaraman J, Law C, Majstorović M, Marghalani AA, et al. Nonpharmacological behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient. Pediatr Dent. 2023;45:385–410.
Karkoutly M, Al-Halabi MN, Laflouf M, Bshara N. Effectiveness of a dental simulation game on reducing pain and anxiety during primary molars pulpotomy compared with tell-show-do technique in pediatric patients: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24:976.
Tirupathi SP, Rajasekhar S. Effect of warming local anesthesia solutions before intraoral administration in dentistry: a systematic review. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2020;20:187.
Cepeda MS, Tzortzopoulou A, Thackrey M, Hudcova J, Arora Gandhi P, Schumann R. Cochrane review: adjusting the pH of lidocaine for reducing pain on injection. Evid‐Based Child Health: A Cochrane Rev J. 2012;7:149–215.
de Souza Melo MR, Sabey MJ, Lima CJ, de Almeida Souza LM, Groppo FC. The effect of 2 injection speeds on local anesthetic discomfort during inferior alveolar nerve blocks. Anesth Prog. 2015;62:106–9.
Hameed NN, Sargod SS, Bhat SS, Hegde SK, Bava MM. Effectiveness of precooling the injection site using tetrafluorethane on pain perception in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prevent Dent. 2018;36:296–300.
Lee HS. Recent advances in topical anesthesia. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2016;16:237.
Attia S, Austermann T, May A, Mekhemar M, Conrad J, Knitschke M, et al. Pain perception following computer-controlled versus conventional dental anesthesia: randomized controlled trial. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22:425.
Joshi S, Bhate K, Kshirsagar K, Pawar V, Kakodkar P. DentalVibe reduces pain during the administration of local anesthetic injection in comparison to 2% lignocaine gel: results from a clinical study. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2021;21:41.
Albouni MA, Kouchaji C, Al-Akkad M, Voborna I, Mounajjed R. Evaluation of the injection pain with the use of vibraject during local anesthesia injection for children: a randomized clinical trial. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2022;23:749–54.
Sahithi V, Saikiran KV, Nunna M, Elicherla SR, Challa RR, Nuvvula S. Comparative evaluation of efficacy of external vibrating device and counterstimulation on child’s dental anxiety and pain perception during local anesthetic administration: a clinical trial. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2021;21:345.
Fatani BA, Alhilal AI, Alkhamali IS, Alhizam AA, Alrumayyan SF, Kalanta R. Patient’s psychological perception of topical anesthetic in reducing dental needle pain: a descriptive study. J Nat Sci Med. 2023;6:137–41.
Taylor A, McLeod G. Basic pharmacology of local anaesthetics. BJA Educ. 2020;20:34–41.
Nair M, Gurunathan D. Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of two anesthetic gels (2% lignocaine and 20% benzocaine) in reducing pain during administration of local anesthesia–a randomized controlled trial. J Anaesth Clin Pharmacol. 2019;35:65–9.
Alanazi FS, Alhazzaa MF, Alosaimi YM, Alajaji FA, Alanazi AS, Alassaf A, et al. Preference of dental practitioners toward the use of local and topical anesthetics for pediatric patients in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional survey. Children. 2021;8:978.
Rawla P, Raj JP. Methemoglobinemia: a rare entity caused by commonly used topical anesthetic agents, a case report. J Hematol. 2017;6:87.
Shiroma HF. Safety and efficacy of various concentrations of lidocaine gel for intravitreal injections. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:575.
Niki Y, Kanai A, Hoshi K, Okamoto H. Immediate analgesic effect of 8% lidocaine applied to the oral mucosa in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Pain Med. 2014;15:826–31.
Daneshkazemi A, Abrisham SM, Daneshkazemi P, Davoudi A. The efficacy of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics as a topical anesthetic agent used for dental procedures: a brief review. Anesth Essays Res. 2016;10:383–7.
Afshari E, Sabbagh S, Khorakian F, Sarraf Shirazi A, Akbarzadeh Baghban A. Reducing pain and discomfort associated with rubber dam clamp placement in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23:398.
Krishna S, Selvarasu K, Kumar SP, Krishnan M. Efficacy of different techniques of the inferior alveolar nerve block for mandibular anesthesia: a comparative prospective study. Cureus. 2024;16.
Parker JF, Vats A, Bauer G. EMLA toxicity after application for allergy skin testing. Pediatrics. 2004;113:410–1.
Singer AJ, Stark MJ. LET versus EMLA for pretreating lacerations: a randomized trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2001;8:223–30.
Svensson P, Bjerring P, Arendt-Nielsen L, Kaaber S. Hypoalgesic effect of EMLA and lidocaine gel applied on human oral mucosa: quantitative evaluation by sensory and pain thresholds to argon laser stimulation. Anesth Prog. 1992;39:4.
Cuschieri S. The CONSORT statement. Saudi J Anaesth. 2019;13:S27–30.
World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Jama. 2013;310:2191–4.
Petluru H, Nirmala SV, Nuvvula S. A comparative evaluation of peppermint oil and lignocaine spray as topical anesthetic agents prior to local anesthesia in children: a randomized clinical trial. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2024;24:119.
Miller J, Ulrich R. The quest for an optimal alpha. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0208631.
Gupta KK, Attri JP, Singh A, Kaur H, Kaur G. Basic concepts for sample size calculation: critical step for any clinical trials! Saudi J Anaesth. 2016;10:328–31.
Fritz CO, Morris PE, Richler JJ. Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation. J Exp Psychol: Gen. 2012;141:2.
Suresh KP. An overview of randomization techniques: an unbiased assessment of outcome in clinical research. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2011;4:8–11.
Pitre T, Kirsh S, Jassal T, Anderson M, Padoan A, Xiang A, et al. The impact of blinding on trial results: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Cochrane Evid Synth Methods. 2023;1:e12015.
Bhalla J, Meechan JG, Lawrence HP, Grad HA, Haas DA. Effect of time on clinical efficacy of topical anesthesia. Anesth Prog. 2009;56:36–41.
Khalil H. A basic review on the inferior alveolar nerve block techniques. Anesth Essays Res. 2014;8:3–8.
Manepalli S, Nuvvula S, Kamatham R, Nirmala S. Comparative efficacy of a self‐report scale and physiological measures in dental anxiety of children. J Investig Clin Dent. 2014;5:301–6.
Kothari S, Gurunathan D. Factors influencing anxiety levels in children undergoing dental treatment in an undergraduate clinic. J Fam Med Prim care. 2019;8:2036–41.
Yon MJ, Chen KJ, Gao SS, Duangthip D, Lo EC, Chu CH. An introduction to assessing dental fear and anxiety in children. InHealthcare. 2020;8:86.
Willis MH, Merkel SI, Voepel-Lewis T, Malviya S. FLACC behavioral pain assessment scale: a comparison with the child’s self-report. Pediatr Nurs. 2003;29:195.
Rybojad B, Sieniawski D, Rybojad P, Samardakiewicz M, Aftyka A. Pain evaluation in the paediatric emergency department: differences in ratings by patients, parents and nurses. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:2489.
Wong DL. Pain in children: comparison of assessment scales. Pediatr Nurs. 1988;14:9–17.
Wong DL, Baker CM. Wong-Baker faces pain rating scale. Pain Manag Nurs. 2012.
Mishra P, Pandey CM, Singh U, Gupta A, Sahu C, Keshri A. Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Ann Card Anaesth. 2019;22:67–72.
Mondal H, Mondal S, Majumder R, De R. Conduct common statistical tests online. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2022;13:539–42.
Von Baeyer CL. Children’s self-report of pain intensity: what we know, where we are headed. Pain Res Manag. 2009;14:39–45.
von Baeyer CL. Children’s self-reports of pain intensity: scale selection, limitations and interpretation. Pain Res Manag. 2006;11:157–62.
Kilinç G, Akay A, Eden E, Sevinç N, Ellidokuz H. Evaluation of children’s dental anxiety levels at a kindergarten and at a dental clinic. Braz oral Res. 2016;30:e72.
Peng T, Qu S, Du Z, Chen Z, Xiao T, Chen R. A systematic review of the measurement properties of face, Legs, activity, Cry and consolability scale for pediatric pain assessment. J Pain Res. 2023:16:1185–96.
Garra G, Singer AJ, Taira BR, Chohan J, Cardoz H, Chisena E, et al. Validation of the Wong‐Baker FACES pain rating scale in pediatric emergency department patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17:50–4.
Gajendragadkar K, Bhate K, Jagtap B, Santhoshkumar SN, Kshirsagar K, Magoo S. Making inferior alveolar nerve block more comfortable via computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery: a prospective clinical study. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2019;19:135.
Memarpour M, Soltanimehr E, Eskandarian T. Signs and symptoms associated with primary tooth eruption: a clinical trial of nonpharmacological remedies. BMC Oral Health. 2015;15:1–8.
Dasarraju RK, Nirmala SV. Comparative efficacy of three topical anesthetics on 7-11-year-old children: a randomized clinical study. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2020;20:29.
Patil SB, Popali DD, Bondarde PA, Khandare NS, Kothari AR, Chawla PS, et al. Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of different pain-alleviating methods before local anesthetic administration in children of 6 to 12 years of age: a clinical study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2021;14:447.
Kotian N, Mani G, Ramakrishnan M. Comparative evaluation of two different topical anesthetic agents in controlling pain during intraoral local anesthetic administration in children: a Split-mouth Triple-blinded Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2021;14:180.
Milani AS, Zand V, Abdollahi AA, Froughreyhani M, Zakeri-Milani P, Jafarabadi MA. Effect of topical anesthesia with lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA) cream and local pressure on pain during infiltration injection for maxillary canines: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2016;17:592–6.
Al-Melh MA, Andersson L. Comparison of topical anesthetics (EMLA/Oraqix vs. benzocaine) on pain experienced during palatal needle injection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodont. 2007;103:e16–20.
Maldonado-Ramírez MA, Issasi-Hernández H, Trejo-Tejeda S, Morales-Sánchez LA. Efficacy of two topical anesthetics for dental use in pediatric. Acta Pediátr de México. 2017;38:83–90.
Sadananda V, MK J, Hegde MN, Shetty A, Gatti P. Comparison of buffered and non‑buffered lidocaine: pH and pain perception. World Acad Sci J. 2022;4:1–4.
Lim CY, In J. Randomization in clinical studies. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2019;72:221.
Ross PT, Bibler Zaidi NL. Limited by our limitations. Perspect Med Educ. 2019;8:261–4.
Alkhouli M, Al-Nerabieah Z, Dashash M. Analyzing facial action units in children to differentiate genuine and fake pain during inferior alveolar nerve block: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2023;13:15564.
Hughes JD, Chivers P, Hoti K. The clinical suitability of an artificial intelligence–enabled pain assessment tool for use in infants: feasibility and usability evaluation study. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e41992.